El corazón del hombre después de los 40: lo que de verdad lo protege
Las enfermedades del corazón y los vasos son la principal causa de muerte en los hombres. Suena a miedo, pero hay una buena noticia: el riesgo depende de unas pocas cosas que en gran parte puedes controlar. No de suplementos ni de las cifras del reloj, sino de unas cuantas palancas «aburridas».
Lo que más decide
Nueve factores sobre los que puedes actuar explican más del 90% del riesgo de un primer infarto: la tensión, el tabaco, el colesterol, la diabetes y la grasa abdominal, el sedentarismo, la alimentación, el alcohol, el estrés. La diferencia entre estas palancas y las «optimizaciones» de moda es enorme.
Las palancas, de más a menos
La forma física. La palanca más infravalorada. Incluso una pequeña mejora de la resistencia baja claramente la mortalidad, de forma comparable a dejar de fumar. El mayor salto llega al pasar de «casi no me muevo» a «moderadamente en forma». Una referencia: 150 minutos a la semana de ejercicio aeróbico y dos sesiones de fuerza.
No fumar. La palanca más rápida. Incluso un cigarrillo al día lleva cerca de la mitad del riesgo añadido de un paquete: «reducir» no funciona, solo dejarlo. Un año después de dejarlo, el riesgo de enfermedad del corazón se reduce a la mitad. Los cigarrillos electrónicos probablemente son menos dañinos, pero no inocuos.
La tensión. El factor de riesgo individual más grande. Mídela en casa con un tensiómetro de brazo validado.
Estilo mediterráneo. Demostrado en grandes ensayos: alrededor de un 30% menos de eventos cardiacos. Aceite de oliva como grasa principal, un puñado de frutos secos al día, legumbres, pescado, verduras. Sal: menos de 5 g al día, menos ultraprocesados.
Pescado, no aceite de pescado. El pescado azul dos veces por semana es beneficioso. Las cápsulas de omega-3 sin receta no han mostrado beneficio para el corazón, y las dosis altas aumentan el riesgo de alteraciones del ritmo.
La barriga y el sueño. La grasa alrededor de la cintura y la apnea del sueño suben la tensión y el riesgo de alteraciones del ritmo.
El alcohol. «Una copa de vino es buena para el corazón» no se ha confirmado. No empieces por el corazón, y si bebes, bebe menos.
Conocer tus cifras
Lo que el reloj no ve lo sabes por el médico: la tensión, el colesterol y, si es posible, la ApoB, la Lp(a) una vez en la vida (es hereditaria y está alta en aproximadamente una de cada cinco personas), el azúcar. Con un riesgo intermedio, el médico puede proponer una prueba de calcio de las arterias coronarias.
¿Y el reloj y el anillo?
El aviso de ritmo irregular es lo más útil que sabe hacer un reloj: conviene enseñárselo al médico. Pero que no haya aviso no descarta alteraciones del ritmo. La tensión en la muñeca todavía no está validada: vuelve a medirla con un tensiómetro de brazo. Y lo más importante: un panel «perfecto» no ve las placas en las arterias.
Suplementos «para el corazón»
Ningún suplemento ha demostrado reducir los infartos. En una comparación directa, los suplementos populares no bajaron el colesterol, y una dosis baja de estatina lo bajó claramente. La levadura roja de arroz es, en el fondo, una estatina sin control de dosis y con posibles contaminantes. La niacina no mostró beneficio en grandes ensayos, pero sí daño. La «limpieza de arterias» y «disolver las placas» no tienen datos en personas.
Sobre las estatinas, con sinceridad
No las recetamos. Son de los medicamentos más estudiados. La mayoría de los «efectos secundarios» en los estudios a ciegas aparecían igual de a menudo con el placebo. La decisión se toma con un médico según tu riesgo personal. El miedo y dejarlas por tu cuenta aumentan el riesgo de infarto y de ictus.
Cuándo es urgente
- Dolor opresivo, como un apretón o un ardor detrás del esternón, sobre todo al hacer esfuerzo, que se extiende al brazo, la mandíbula o el cuello, con falta de aire, sudor o náuseas: en reposo, es motivo para llamar a una ambulancia.
- Desmayarte durante un esfuerzo.
- Falta de aire nueva o que va a más.
- Dolor en la pantorrilla al caminar que se pasa en reposo.
- Problemas nuevos de erección: también son motivo para revisar el corazón.
Qué probar esta semana
- Tres paseos rápidos de 30 minutos.
- Medirte la tensión en casa por la mañana y por la noche, dos o tres días seguidos.
- Dos raciones de pescado azul esta semana.
En qué se basa
Este artículo se basa en temas de la base de conocimiento de VIA-L. Estos son los estudios publicados que hay detrás:
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- Impact of an Interdisciplinary Weight Loss and Lifestyle Intervention on Testosterone and Scores for Sexual Activity on the FOSQ in Men With Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Secondary Analyses of Data From the INTERAPNEA Randomized Trial — Maturitas, 2026 doi
- Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Novel Antidiabetic Agents in the Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Network Meta-Analysis — Respiratory Medicine, 2026 doi
Ver todos (121)
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- Magnesium Is a Key Trace Element in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Evidence From Mendelian Randomization Analysis and NHANES Database — Respiratory Medicine, 2025 doi
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- Treatment of OSA and Its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease, Part 2: JACC State-of-the-Art Review — Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2024 doi
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- 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines — 2023 doi
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- The Effect of Low-Intensity Shock Wave Therapy on Moderate Erectile Dysfunction: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial — The Journal of Urology, 2022 doi
- Effect of an Interdisciplinary Weight Loss and Lifestyle Intervention on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity: The INTERAPNEA Randomized Clinical Trial — JAMA Network Open, 2022 doi
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- The Effectiveness of a Weight-Loss Mediterranean Diet/Lifestyle Intervention in the Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Results of the "MIMOSA" Randomized Clinical Trial — Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2021 doi
- Sleep Disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review — Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2021 doi
- Changes in cortisol levels by continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: Meta‐analysis of 637 individuals — Clinical Endocrinology, 2021 doi
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association — Circulation, 2021 doi
- Effect of Bergamot on Lipid Profile in Humans: A Systematic Review — Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020 doi
- Association of Diet With Erectile Dysfunction Among Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study — JAMA Network Open, 2020 doi
- Lifestyles and sexuality in men and women: the gender perspective in sexual medicine — Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E, 2020 doi
- Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review — JAMA, 2020 doi
- Educational, Supportive and Behavioural Interventions to Improve Usage of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Machines in Adults With Obstructive Sleep Apnoea — The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020 doi
- Influence of Dietary Sources of Melatonin on Sleep Quality: A Review — Journal of Food Science, 2020 doi
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La solidez de esta evidencia varía: hay grandes revisiones y metaanálisis, y también estudios pequeños aislados. Los pasos del artículo son medidas sencillas de autocuidado de bajo riesgo, no un tratamiento, y pueden no servir para todos.
Esto es información general, no una prescripción. Las pruebas y el tratamiento los decide un médico.